Evaluating Ores Prior to Mining

A-I Generated Coring Illustration

Before any mining operation begins, it is essential to evaluate the ore body to determine whether extraction will be economically viable and environmentally sustainable. Ore evaluation is a multidisciplinary process that combines geological, geochemical, geophysical, and economic analyses to assess the quality, quantity, and distribution of mineral deposits.

1. Geological Survey
   The first step involves detailed geological mapping to identify the type of rock formations, structural controls, and mineralization patterns. This helps in understanding the genesis and geometry of the ore body.
2. Sampling and Assaying
   Representative samples of the ore are collected from surface outcrops, trenches, pits, or exploratory drill holes. These samples are then analyzed (assayed) in the laboratory to determine the metal content, grade, and presence of impurities.
3. Geophysical and Geochemical Studies
   Geophysical methods (such as magnetic, electrical, and seismic surveys) and geochemical analyses are used to trace hidden ore bodies and define their boundaries. These methods help to estimate the depth, size, and continuity of mineralization without extensive excavation.
4. Ore Reserve Estimation
   Using data from drilling and sampling, geologists calculate the tonnage and grade of the ore reserves. Computer modeling and geostatistical methods are often applied to produce 3D models of the deposit, giving a clearer picture of how much ore can be economically extracted.
5. Metallurgical Testing
   Metallurgical or beneficiation tests determine how easily valuable minerals can be separated from the waste rock. These tests are crucial for designing processing plants and estimating recovery rates.
6. Economic Evaluation
   Once technical data are available, economic feasibility studies are carried out. These include cost analyses for extraction, processing, transportation, and environmental management, as well as projections of metal prices and market demand.
7. Environmental and Social Assessment
   Environmental impact assessments (EIA) and community consultations are conducted to evaluate the potential effects of mining on land, water, biodiversity, and local populations.

Conclusion
Evaluating ores before mining is a vital step that reduces financial risks, ensures efficient resource utilization, and minimizes environmental damage. A thorough ore evaluation provides a solid foundation for responsible and sustainable mining operations.

 You can download a pdf of this article here

Lieutenant A.M. Yerima Was Foolhardy

Nyesom Wike, Nigerian FCT Minister (right) and Lieutenant A M Yerima, a Young Nigerian Soldier (left)

A small cadastral drama in Abuja turned out so huge that public attention in Nigeria drifted from Donald Trump and his alleged intention to invade the country to it. It was the confrontation between Nyesom Wike, the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), and a soldier, Lieutenant A.M. Yerima. A land title that, by all indications, was not properly acquired had drawn the Minister’s attention. Upon arriving at the site, he met stiff resistance from the soldier, who refused to let him in, and the issue quickly escalated into an altercation.

Nyesom Wike is a powerful political figure—feared by many—but the soldier refused to bow to his authority. Yerima’s defiance against the formidable power and influence of the federal minister won him praise from many Nigerians, who hailed him as a courageous soldier worthy of honor, despite preventing a Federal Minister from performing his lawful duties. This, however, was not courage; it was rebellion.

Sadly, the incident exposed the shallow understanding of governance and authority among many Nigerians. While the soldier thought he was being brave, he was, in truth, being foolhardy. If the law were to be applied strictly, Lieutenant Yerima should face dismissal. Mr. Wike is an appointed and sworn Minister of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, charged with the responsibility of administering the Federal Capital Territory. His duties include, among other things, land administration within the FCT. This is what the soldier—and many Nigerians—fail to understand. Wike was performing his legitimate duty; by obstructing him, Yerima was standing against the authority of the Federal Republic of Nigeria itself.

We can examine the soldier’s ignorance further in his claim that the land belonged to a three-star General. By implication, he believed his superior officer was above Wike and the law. But a three-star General is not above the law. In fact, if the land was illegally acquired, his superior officer is culpable—perhaps even guilty of treason. Yerima also reportedly said, “Imagine a policeman talking to a soldier.” He seemed to believe that a police officer should not address a soldier, even when the latter is in the wrong. This is a dangerous mindset. The Nigeria Police Force is a constitutionally established institution responsible for enforcing law and order—even when those breaking the law are soldiers.

If the land had truly been acquired in accordance with Nigeria’s cadastral laws, there would have been no need for soldiers to guard it. The mere fact that the Minister visited the site shows that a dispute already existed over its ownership.

Many Nigerians also questioned why the Minister “stooped so low” as to personally visit the land in dispute. But that is part of his job—especially when it concerns a controversial or disputed property. If he had stayed in his office, the same Nigerians would have accused him of being disconnected from the realities on the ground.

However, the incident also highlighted Wike’s own flaw—his notorious stubbornness. The political drama involving Governor Siminalayi Fubara in Rivers State has already earned Wike many enemies. Many believe that since Fubara was elected by the people, Wike had no moral right to attempt to unseat him. In this latest clash, Wike’s opponent was a young, handsome soldier—a fact that, in the court of public opinion, automatically drew sympathy to Yerima and fueled generous praise for him across social media.

Apparently, Lieutenant Yerima was trained for combat but not adequately educated in civil relations—an essential aspect of maintaining a responsible and disciplined military force. I have always worried about this, assuming that such mentality was confined to the rank-and-file of the armed forces. Unfortunately, it appears to be spreading upward through the hierarchy. This is a worrisome trend that should concern both the military and the nation at large. A special course should be introduced for all soldiers to help them understand that a civilized army must refrain from bullying the very citizens it exists to protect. Failure to do so only brings shame and disgrace upon the nation.